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New Baby Hippo Borned December 4 in Florida

Written By domingo, 13 de março de 2022 Add Comment Edit

Big, mostly herbivorous, semiaquatic mammal native to sub-Saharan Africa

Hippopotamus
Hippo (Hippopotamus amphibius) (16485955207).jpg
A hippopotamus in Kruger National Park, South Africa

Conservation status


Vulnerable (IUCN iii.one)[1]

CITES Appendix 2 (CITES)[1]

Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Society: Artiodactyla
Family: Hippopotamidae
Genus: Hippopotamus
Species:

H. amphibius

Binomial name
Hippopotamus amphibius

Linnaeus, 1758[2]

Hippo distribution.gif
Range map of the hippopotamus. Historic range is in blood-red while electric current range is in green.[1]

The hippopotamus ( HIP-ə-POT-ə-məs;[iii] Hippopotamus amphibius), as well called the hippo, common hippopotamus or river hippopotamus, is a big, mostly herbivorous, semiaquatic mammal and ungulate native to sub-Saharan Africa. It is one of only two extant species in the family Hippopotamidae, the other being the pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis or Hexaprotodon liberiensis). The name comes from the ancient Greek for "river horse" ( ἱπποπόταμος ).

After the elephant and rhinoceros, the hippopotamus is the tertiary-largest type of land mammal and is the heaviest extant land artiodactyl. Despite their physical resemblance to pigs and other terrestrial even-toed ungulates, the closest living relatives of the Hippopotamidae are cetaceans (whales, dolphins, porpoises, etc.), from which they diverged virtually 55 million years ago. Hippos are recognisable by their barrel-shaped torsos, wide-opening mouths revealing big canine tusks, nearly hairless bodies, columnar legs and big size; adults boilerplate 1,500 kg (3,310 lb) for bulls and 1,300 kg (2,870 lb) for cows. Despite its stocky shape and curt legs, information technology is capable of running 30 km/h (19 mph) over short distances.

Hippos inhabit rivers, lakes, and mangrove swamps, where territorial bulls preside over a stretch of river and groups of 5 to thirty cows and calves. During the twenty-four hour period, they remain absurd past staying in the water or mud; reproduction and birth both occur in h2o. They emerge at dusk to graze on grasses. While hippos rest near each other in the h2o, grazing is a solitary activeness and hippos are not territorial on country. The hippo is among the most dangerous animals in the world due to its highly aggressive and unpredictable nature. They are threatened past habitat loss and poaching for their meat and ivory canine teeth.

Etymology

The Latin word hippopotamus is derived from the ancient Greek ἱπποπόταμος , hippopótamos, from ἵππος , híppos, "horse", and ποταμός , potamós, "river", meaning "horse of the river".[iv] [5] [half-dozen] In English, the plural is "hippopotamuses", but "hippopotami" is also used.[7]

Taxonomy and origins

Nomenclature

The modern hippopotamus and the pygmy hippopotamus are the only living members of the family Hippopotamidae. Farther, some taxonomists grouping hippos and anthracotheres in the superfamily Anthracotheroidea. Hippopotamidae are classified along with other fifty-fifty-toed ungulates in the lodge Artiodactyla.[8] : 39–40

V subspecies of hippos have been described based on morphological differences in their skulls and geographical differences:[eight] : 3

  • Great northern hippopotamus or Nile hippopotamus H. a. amphibius – (the nominate subspecies) which stretched from Egypt, where they are at present extinct, south up the Nile River to Tanzania and Mozambique
  • Eastward African hippopotamus H. a. kiboko – in Kenya in the African Great Lakes region, and in Somalia in the Horn of Africa. Broader nasals and more hollowed interorbital region
  • Cape hippopotamus or S African hippopotamus H. a. capensis – from Zambia to South Africa, most flattened skull of the subspecies
  • Westward African hippopotamus or Tchad hippopotamus H. a. tschadensis – throughout Western Africa to, as the proper noun suggests, Chad, slightly shorter and wider face, with prominent orbits
  • Angola hippopotamus H. a. constrictus – in Angola, the southern Democratic Republic of Congo and Namibia, named for its deeper preorbital constriction

The suggested subspecies were never widely used or validated past field biologists; the described morphological differences were small plenty that they could accept resulted from uncomplicated variation in nonrepresentative samples.[8] : two Genetic analyses have tested the beingness of three of these putative subspecies. A study examining mitochondrial Dna from peel biopsies taken from 13 sampling locations, considered genetic multifariousness and structure amongst hippo populations across the continent. The authors institute low, just significant, genetic differentiation among H. a. amphibius, H. a. capensis, and H. a. kiboko. Neither H. a. tschadensis nor H. a. constrictus has been tested.[9] [10]

Evolution

Evolutionary relationships amongst hippo and Cetacea (whales, dolphins).[xi]

Until 1909, naturalists grouped hippos with pigs, based on molar patterns. Several lines of evidence, first from blood proteins, and so from molecular systematics[12] and Dna[13] [14] and the fossil record, bear witness that their closest living relatives are cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises).[xv] [xvi] The common ancestor of hippos and whales branched off from Ruminantia and the rest of the even-toed ungulates; the cetacean and hippo lineages separate presently afterward.[13] [xvi]

The most recent theory of the origins of Hippopotamidae suggests that hippos and whales shared a common semiaquatic ancestor that branched off from other artiodactyls effectually sixty million years ago.[thirteen] [fifteen] This hypothesised ancestral group likely split into two branches around 54 million years agone.[12]

1 co-operative would evolve into cetaceans, possibly beginning about 52 one thousand thousand years ago, with the protowhale Pakicetus and other early whale ancestors collectively known as Archaeoceti, which eventually underwent aquatic adaptation into the completely aquatic cetaceans.[xvi] The other branch became the anthracotheres, a large family of iv-legged beasts, the primeval of which in the late Eocene would have resembled skinny hippos with insufficiently pocket-size and narrow heads. All branches of the anthracotheres, except that which evolved into Hippopotamidae, became extinct during the Pliocene without leaving any descendants.[15] [16]

A rough evolutionary lineage can exist traced from Eocene and Oligocene species: Anthracotherium and Elomeryx to the Miocene species Merycopotamus and Libycosaurus and the very latest anthracotheres in the Pliocene.[17] These groups lived in Eurasia and the discovery of Epirigenys in East Africa, which was probable in a sister group to Hippopotamidae, suggests that hippo ancestors entered Africa effectually 35 mya and were the primeval big mammals to colonise the continent.[18] [xix] A early hippopotamid is the genus Kenyapotamus, which lived in Africa from fifteen to ix one thousand thousand years agone.[17] Hippopotamid species would spread across Africa and Eurasia, including the modern pygmy hippo. From seven.5 to i.8 1000000 years ago, a possible ancestor to the mod hippo, Archaeopotamus, lived in Africa and the Center East.[twenty]

Choeropsis madagascariensis skeleton with a modern hippopotamus skull.

Extinct species

Species of Malagasy hippopotamus became extinct during the Holocene on Madagascar, one of them inside the by 1,000 years. The Malagasy hippos were smaller than the modern hippo, likely through the process of insular dwarfism.[21] Fossil evidence indicates many Malagasy hippos were hunted by humans, a likely factor in their eventual extinction.[21] Isolated members of Malagasy hippos may have survived in remote pockets; in 1976, villagers described a living brute called the kilopilopitsofy, which may have been a Malagasy hippo.[22]

An extinct species, Hippopotamus antiquus, ranged throughout Europe, extending as far north equally England during the Early and Heart Pleistocene epochs, before being replaced past the modern H. amphibius during the latter function of the Heart Pleistocene.[23] The Pleistocene too saw a number of dwarf species evolve on several Mediterranean islands, including Crete (Hippopotamus creutzburgi), Cyprus (the Cyprus dwarf hippopotamus, Hippopotamus small-scale), Malta (Hippopotamus melitensis), and Sicily (Hippopotamus pentlandi). Of these, the Cyprus dwarf hippo survived until the finish of the Pleistocene or early Holocene. Evidence from an archaeological site, Aetokremnos, continues to cause debate on whether or not the species was encountered, and was driven to extinction, by man.[24] [25] Across Eurasia, the hippopotamus became extinct between 50,000 and 16,000 years agone.[26]

Characteristics and adaptations

Hippo's skull, showing the large canines and incisors used for fighting

The hippopotamus is a megaherbivore and is exceeded in size by elephants and some rhinoceros species among state animals. Mean developed weight is effectually 1,480 kg (3,260 lb) and 1,365 kg (3,010 lb) for bulls and cows respectively, Uncommonly large males take been recorded reaching 2,660 kg (v,860 lb).[27] Male person hippos announced to continue growing throughout their lives while females reach maximum weight at effectually historic period 25.[28] The species has a typical head-body length of iii.3–3.45 m (10.8–eleven.3 ft) and an average standing height of 1.4 m (four.6 ft) at the shoulder.[29]

Hippos have barrel-shaped bodies with short tails and legs, and an hourglass shaped skull with a long muzzle.[thirty] [8] : 5, 19 Their skeletal structures are graviportal,[8] : 8 adapted to carrying their enormous weight, and their dense bones and centre of gravity allows them to sink and motion along the bottom of the water.[31] Hippopotamuses take small legs (relative to other megafauna) because the h2o in which they live reduces the weight burden.[32] The pelvis rests at an bending of 45 degrees.[8] : ix Though they are bulky animals, hippos can gallop at 30 km/h (19 mph) on land but normally trot. They are incapable of jumping only practise climb up steep banks.[30]

The eyes, ears, and nostrils of hippos are placed loftier on the roof of their skulls. This allows these organs to remain above the surface while the rest of the body submerges.[33] : 259 Muscular closing valves exist in the nostrils while nictitating membranes encompass the optics.[8] : 4, 116 Despite being semiaquatic and having webbed feet, an adult hippo is not a especially proficient swimmer nor can it float. It is rarely found in deep water; when information technology is, the animal moves by porpoise-similar leaps from the bottom.[8] : 3 Adult hippos move at speeds upwards to 8 km/h (5 mph) in water; typically resurfacing to breathe every three to five minutes. The young have to breathe every 2 to three minutes.[8] : iv The hippopotamus sleeps with both hemispheres of the brain resting, equally in all land mammals. Despite this, it is able to sleep while submerged, intermittently surfacing to exhale seemingly without waking. They may exist able to transition between different phases of slumber more rapidly than other mammals.[34]

Characteristic "yawn" of a hippo

The hippo's jaw is powered past a large masseter and a well-adult digastric; the latter loops upwards behind the former to the hyoid.[33] : 259 The jaw hinge is located far back enough to allow the animal to open up its mouth at almost 180°.[8] : 17 A moderate folding of the orbicularis oris muscle allows the hippo to achieve such a gape without fierce whatever tissue.[35] Hippo teeth acuminate themselves as they grind together. The lower canines and lower incisors are enlarged, specially in bulls, and grow continuously. The incisors can accomplish forty cm (1 ft 4 in), while the canines accomplish upwards to 50 cm (1 ft 8 in).[30] The canines and incisors are used for gainsay and play no role in feeding. Hippos rely on their broad horny lips to grasp and pull grasses which are and so ground by the molars.[33] : 259, 263 The hippo is considered to be a pseudoruminant; it has a complex iii-chambered tum just does not "chew cud".[eight] : 22

Dissimilar most other semiaquatic animals, hippos have very little hair.[33] : 260 The skin is vi cm (2 in) thick,[xxx] providing it great protection against conspecifics and predators. By contrast, its subcutaneous fat layer is sparse.[8] : 3 The animals' upper parts are purplish-grey to bluish-blackness, while the under parts and areas effectually the eyes and ears can be dark-brown-pink.[33] : 260 Their skin secretes a natural sunscreen substance which is red-coloured. The secretion is sometimes referred to as "blood sweat", merely is neither blood nor sweat. This secretion is initially colourless and turns red-orange within minutes, eventually becoming brown. Two distinct pigments have been identified in the secretions, i blood-red (hipposudoric acrid) and ane orange (norhipposudoric acid). The 2 pigments are highly acidic compounds. They inhibit the growth of disease-causing bacteria, and their light absorption peaks in the ultraviolet range, creating a sunscreen effect.[36] [37] All hippos, fifty-fifty those with unlike diets, secrete the pigments, then it does not appear that food is the source of the pigments. Instead, the animals may synthesise the pigments from precursors such as the amino acid tyrosine.[37] Even so, this natural sunscreen cannot prevent the animal's skin from neat if it stays out of water too long.[38]

The testes of the males descend but partially and a scrotum is non present. In improver, the penis retracts into the body when not erect. The genitals of the female hippos are unusual in that the vagina is ridged and two large diverticula protrude from the vulval antechamber. The function of these is unknown.[8] : 28–29

A hippo's lifespan is typically 40–l years.[33] : 277 Donna the Hippo was one of the oldest living hippos in captivity. She lived at the Mesker Park Zoo in Evansville, Indiana, in the US[39] [40] until her expiry in 2012 at the age of 61.[41] The oldest hippo recorded was called Bertha; she had lived in the Manila Zoo in the Philippines since information technology starting time opened in 1959. When she died in 2017, her age was estimated to be 65.[42]

Distribution and status

Hippopotamus amphibius was widespread in North Africa and Europe during the Eemian[43] and late Pleistocene until well-nigh 30,000 years ago. Archaeological prove exists of its presence in the Levant, dating to less than iii,000 years ago.[44] [45] The species was common in Egypt's Nile region during antiquity, but has since been extirpated. Pliny the Elder writes that, in his time, the best location in Egypt for capturing this creature was in the Saite nome;[46] the animal could still be found along the Damietta co-operative later on the Arab Conquest in 639. Reports of the slaughter of the terminal hippo in Natal Province were made at the end of the 19th century.[47] Hippos are still plant in the rivers and lakes of the northern Democratic republic of the congo, Republic of uganda, Tanzania and Kenya, north through to Ethiopia, Somalia and Sudan, west to The Gambia, and south to Due south Africa.[1]

Ugandan tribespeople with hippo slain for food (early on 20th century)

Incised hippopotamus ivory tusk, upper canine. Iv holes around pinnacle (Naqada Tomb 1419, Egypt; Naqada period)

Genetic show suggests that common hippos in Africa experienced a marked population expansion during or after the Pleistocene, attributed to an increase in water bodies at the finish of the era. These findings have important conservation implications as hippo populations beyond the continent are currently threatened by loss of admission to fresh h2o.[9] Hippos are also subject to unregulated hunting and poaching. In May 2006, the hippo was identified every bit a vulnerable species on the IUCN Cerise List drawn up by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), with an estimated population of between 125,000 and 150,000 hippos, a refuse of between 7% and xx% since the IUCN's 1996 study. Zambia (40,000) and Tanzania (20,000–30,000) possess the largest populations.[one]

The hippo population declined most dramatically in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[48] By 2005, the population in Virunga National Park had dropped to 800 or 900 from around 29,000 in the mid-1970s.[49] The decline is attributed to the disruptions caused by the Second Congo War.[49] The poachers are believed to be Mai-Mai rebels, poorly paid Congolese soldiers, and local militia groups.[49] [50] Reasons for poaching include the conventionalities that hippos are harmful to lodge, as well as financial gain.[51] All the same, as of 2016, the Virunga hippo population appears to have increased, mayhap due to greater enforcement and cooperation betwixt fishermen and park authorities.[52] The auction of hippo meat is illegal, just black-market sales are hard for Virunga National Park officers to rail.[l] [51] Hippo meat is considered a delicacy in some areas of central Africa and the teeth take become a valued substitute for elephant ivory.[53]

Invasive potential

In the tardily 1980s, Pablo Escobar kept four hippos in a private menagerie at his residence in Hacienda Nápoles, 100 kilometres (62 mi) e of Medellín, Colombia, after buying them in New Orleans. They were deemed also difficult to seize and move afterwards Escobar'south death in 1993, and hence left on the untended estate. By 2007, the animals had multiplied to 16 and had taken to roaming the expanse for food in the nearby Magdalena River.[54] [55] In 2009, two adults and ane dogie left their herd and, subsequently attacking humans and killing cattle, ane of the adults (called "Pepe") was killed past hunters nether authorization of the local authorities.[55]

When a photo of the dead hippo became public, it caused considerable controversy among animal rights groups both within the country and abroad, and further plans of culling ceased. Alternative methods have been considered, just they are unproven, or difficult and expensive. A wild male person hippo was caught, castrated and released once more, but it cost about US$50,000.[56] As of 2020, there were no plans by the local government on managing the population, but further studies on their effect on the habitat take been initiated.[57] Because of the fast-growing population, conservationists have recommended that a management plan needs to be rapidly developed.[58] [59] Scientists say these hippos are breeding voraciously and are an increasing menace so they must be culled.[60]

In the U.S., Representative Robert F. Broussard of Louisiana introduced the "American Hippo Pecker" in 1910 to authorise the importation and release of hippopotamus into the bayous of Louisiana.[61] [62] Broussard argued that the hippos would eat the invasive water hyacinth that was clogging the rivers and also produce meat to help solve the American meat crisis.[62] [63] The chief collaborators and proponents of Broussard's bill were Major Frederick Russell Burnham and Helm Fritz Duquesne.[64] [65] Former President Theodore Roosevelt backed the plan, as did the U.S. Section of Agriculture, The Washington Post, and The New York Times, which praised hippo meat as "lake moo-cow bacon".[66] [64] The "American Hippo Pecker" fell merely brusk of existence passed.[62]

Behaviour and ecology

Video of hippos in the wild

Hippos differ from all other large land mammals, beingness of semiaquatic habits, and spending their days in lakes and rivers.[8] : 3 Proper habitat requires enough h2o to submerge in and grass nearby.[xxx] Larger densities of the animals inhabit quiet waters with generally firm, smooth sloping beaches. Male hippos may be plant in very small-scale numbers in rapid waters in rocky gorges.[33] : 264 Hippos mostly alive in freshwater habitats, yet populations in West Africa by and large inhabit estuarine waters and may even be plant at ocean.[1]

Hippos spends most the twenty-four hour period in water to stay cool and hydrated. Merely before nighttime begins, they leave the water to feed on state.[xxx] Like most herbivores, hippos volition consume a variety of plants if presented with them, but their nutrition in nature consists almost entirely of grass, with only minimal consumption of aquatic plants.[67] A hippo will eat effectually 40 kg (88 lb) of grass in a night while traveling three–5 km (1.9–3.1 mi). They return to the water before dawn.[30] On occasion, hippos accept been filmed eating carrion, usually most the water. There are other reports of meat-eating, and fifty-fifty cannibalism and predation.[68] The stomach anatomy of a hippo is not suited to carnivory, and meat-eating is likely caused by aberrant behaviour or nutritional stress.[8] : 84

Because of their size and their habit of taking the same paths to feed, hippos tin can have a pregnant impact on the country across which they walk, both past keeping the country clear of vegetation and depressing the ground. Over prolonged periods, hippos can divert the paths of swamps and channels.[69] By defecating in the h2o, the animals likewise appear to pass on the microbes from their gut, effecting the biogeochemical cycle.[70]

Studying the interaction of bulls and cows has long been complicated because hippos are not sexually dimorphic; thus cows and young bulls are almost duplicate in the field.[71] Although hippos lie close to each other, they do not seem to form social bonds except betwixt mothers and daughters, and they are not social animals. The reason they huddle close together is unknown.[8] : 49 Hippos are territorial just in h2o, where the ascendant balderdash also known as a "beachmaster" presides over a small-scale stretch of river, on average 250 g (270 yd) in length, and containing ten cows. The largest pods can contain over 100 hippos.[viii] : fifty Younger bachelors are immune in a beachmaster'south stretch, equally long equally they behave submissively toward him. The territories of hippos be to establish mating rights. Inside the pods, the hippos tend to segregate by sex. Bachelors lounge almost other bachelors, females with other females, and the beachmaster is on his own. When hippos emerge from the water to graze, they exercise so individually.[eight] : 4

Hippos engage in "muck-spreading" which invloves then depositing their faeces while spinning their tails to distribute information technology over a greater area. Muck-spreading occurs both on land and in h2o and its part is not understood. It is likely not territorial as the animals only found territories in water.[8] : v, 51–52 "Yawning" serves equally a threat display.[xxx] When fighting, bulls use their incisors to block each other's attacks and their large canines to inflict injuries.[33] : 260 When hippos become over-populated or a habitat is reduced, bulls sometimes endeavour infanticide, merely this behaviour is not mutual under normal conditions.[72] Incidents of hippo cannibalism take been documented, but this is believed to be the behaviour of distressed or sick hippos.[8] : 82–83

The nigh common hippo vocalisation is the "wheeze honk", which tin can be heard over long distances.[73] This telephone call starts every bit a high-pitched squeal followed by a deeper, resonant phone call.[8] : v It appears to be used for social cohesion and the animals can recognise the calls of other individuals. Hippos are more likely to react aggressively to the wheeze honks of strangers than those they are more familiar with.[73] They may be able to produce echolocation, only the purpose of these vocalisations is currently unknown. Hippos take the unique ability to hold their heads partially above the water and send out a cry that travels through both water and air; individuals respond in a higher place and under water.[74] They volition also express threat and alarm with exhalations.[xxx] Fighting bulls produce loud bellows.[8] : v

Reproduction

Cows reach sexual maturity at 5 to six years and have a gestation period of 8 months.[75] A study of endocrine systems revealed that cows may begin puberty as early on as three or 4 years.[76] Males accomplish maturity at effectually 7.five years. A study of hippo reproductive behaviour in Uganda showed that top conceptions occurred during the end of the wet season in the summer, and peak births occurred toward the start of the wet season in late winter. This is considering of the female'southward oestrous cycle; every bit with virtually large mammals, male hippo spermatozoa is active year-round. Studies of hippos in Zambia and South Africa likewise showed evidence of births occurring at the start of the moisture season.[8] : threescore–61 After becoming pregnant, a female hippo will typically not brainstorm ovulation over again for 17 months.[76]

Preserved hippopotamus fetus

Mating occurs in the water, with the cow submerged for nearly of the encounter,[eight] : 63 her caput emerging periodically to draw breath. Cows isolate themselves to give birth and render within 10–14 days.[30] Calves are built-in underwater at a weight between 25 and 50 kg (55 and 110 lb) and an average length of effectually 127 cm (iv.17 ft), and must swim to the surface to take their beginning breaths. A mother typically gives nascency to but one dogie, although twins also occur. The young ofttimes rest on their mothers' backs when the water is also deep for them, and they swim under water to suckle. They suckle on country when the mother leaves the h2o.[eight] : 64

Mother hippos are very protective of their young and may keep others at a altitude.[thirty] One cow was recorded to protect a calf's carcass subsequently it died.[77] Nonetheless, calves are occasionally left in nurseries which are guarded past one or a few adults. Calves in nurseries engage in playfights.[30] Weaning starts between 6 and eight months after birth, and most calves are fully weaned after a yr.[8] : 64 Similar many other large mammals, hippos are described as G-strategists, in this example typically producing just ane big, well-developed babe every couple of years (rather than many pocket-size, poorly developed young several times per year as is common amid small mammals such as rodents).[76] [72]

Interspecies interactions

A hippopotamus and Nile crocodile adjacent in Kruger National Park

Hippos coexist with a variety of large predators. Nile crocodiles, lions and spotted hyenas are known to prey on young hippos.[33] : 273 [8] : 118 However, due to their aggression and size, adult hippos are not unremarkably preyed upon past other animals. Cases where big panthera leo prides have successfully preyed on developed hippos have been reported but it is generally rare.[78] Lions occasionally prey on adults at Gorongosa National Park and calves are sometimes taken at Virunga.[79] Crocodiles are frequent targets of hippo aggression, probably because they frequently inhabit the same riparian habitats; crocodiles may be either aggressively displaced or killed by hippos.[80] In turn, across cases of killing the seldom unguarded hippo calf, very large Nile crocodiles have been verified to occasionally prey on "half-grown" hippos—and based only on anecdotal bear witness-possibly likewise adult female hippos. Aggregations of crocodiles have besides been seen to dispatch still-living male hippos that have been previously injured in mating battles with other males.[81] [82]

Equally with fish and turtles on a coral reef, hippos occasionally visit cleaning stations and betoken, by opening their mouths wide, their readiness for being cleaned of parasites past certain species of fishes. This is an example of mutualism, in which the hippo benefits from the cleaning while the fish receive nutrient.[83] Hippo defecation creates allochthonous deposits of organic matter along the river beds. These deposits have an unclear ecological office.[67] A 2015 report concluded that hippo dung provides nutrients from terrestrial material for fish and aquatic invertebrates,[84] while a 2018 study institute that their dung can be toxic to aquatic life in big quantities, due to assimilation of dissolved oxygen in water bodies.[85] [86]

The parasitic monogenean flatworm Oculotrema hippopotami infects hippopotamus optics, mainly the nictitating membrane. It is the just monogenean species known to have successful colonised a mammal.[87]

Hippos and humans

The primeval prove of homo interaction with hippos comes from slaughter-house cut marks on hippo bones at Bouri Formation dated effectually 160,000 years ago.[88] Later rock paintings and engravings showing hippos being hunted have been found in the mountains of the central Sahara dated 4,000–5,000 years ago nearly Djanet in the Tassili northward'Ajjer Mountains.[8] : i The ancient Egyptians recognised the hippo equally a ferocious denizen of the Nile and representations on the tombs of nobles bear witness that the animals were hunted.[89]

The hippo was also known to the Greeks and Romans. The Greek historian Herodotus described the hippo in The Histories (written circa 440 BC) and the Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder wrote about the hippo in his encyclopedia Naturalis Historia (written circa 77 AD).[46] [ninety] The Yoruba people called the hippo erinmi, which ways "elephant of the water".[91] Some individual hippos have achieved international fame. Huberta, which became a celebrity during the Dandy Depression for trekking across the Due south Africa.[92] [93] : 111–112

Attacks on humans

The hippo is considered to be extremely aggressive and has oft been reported charging and attacking boats.[94] Pocket-size boats can easily be capsized by hippos and passengers can be injured or killed by the animals or drown. In one 2014 case in Niger, a boat was capsized by a hippo and xiii people were killed.[95] As hippos will frequently engage in raiding nearby crops if the opportunity arises, humans may besides come in conflict with them on these occasions, with potential for fatalities on both sides.[96]

In zoos

Hippos accept long been pop zoo animals. The first record of hippos on captivity for brandish are dated to 3500 BC, in Hierakonpolis, Arab republic of egypt.[97] The offset zoo hippo in modern history was Obaysch, who arrived at the London Zoo on 25 May 1850, where he attracted up to 10,000 visitors a day and inspired a popular song, the "Hippopotamus Polka".[98]

Hippos more often than not breed well in captivity; nativity rates are lower than in the wild, but this is attributed to zoos wanting to limit births, since hippos are relatively expensive to maintain.[8] : 129 [98] [99] The Cincinnati Zoo began building a $73 million exhibit for three adult hippos in 2015; with a 250,000 l (66,000 United states gal) tank. Mod hippo enclosures also have a complex filtration system for the animate being's waste, an underwater viewing platform for the visitors and thick glass that may be ix cm (iii.5 in) thick and capable of withstanding water pressures of 31 kPa (4.5 psi).[93] : 158–159 In 1987, the Toledo Zoo saw the first underwater nativity by a captive hippo.[100] The exhibit was and so popular, the hippos became the logo of the Toledo Zoo.[101]

Cultural significance

In Egyptian mythology, the god Set takes the form of a red hippopotamus and fights Horus for control of the state merely is defeated. The goddess Tawaret is depicted as a pregnant adult female with a hippo head, representing fierce maternal dear.[102] The Ijaw people of the Niger Delta wore masks of aquatic animals like the hippo when practicing their water spirit cults[103] and hippo ivory was used in the divination rituals of the Yoruba.[104] Hippo mask were besides used in Nyau rituals of the Chewa of Southern Africa. They were performed at funerals.[93] : 120 According to Robert Baden-Powell, Zulu warriors referred to hippos in war chants.[105] [106] The Behemoth from the Book of Chore, forty:15–24 is idea to be based on a hippo.[107]

Hippos accept been the subjects of various African folktales. According to a San story, when the Creator assigned each animal its place in nature, the hippos wanted to live in the water, only were refused out of fear that they might swallow all the fish. Later on begging and pleading, the hippos were finally allowed to live in the h2o on the conditions that they would eat grass instead of fish and would fling their dung and so that it can exist inspected for fish bones. In a Ndebele tale, the hippo originally had long, beautiful hair, but was assail fire by a jealous hare and had to jump into a nearby pool. The hippo lost most of his pilus and was besides embarrassed to leave the water.[108]

Hippopotamus were rarely depicted in European art during the Renaissance and Baroque, due to less access to specimens. One notable exception is Peter Paul Rubens'south The Hippopotamus and Crocodile Hunt (1615–1616).[93] : 122–123 Ever since Obaysch inspired the "Hippopotamus Polka", hippos have been pop animals in Western culture for their rotund appearance that many consider comical.[98] The Disney film Fantasia featured a ballerina hippo dancing to the opera La Gioconda. The film Hugo the Hippo involves the title grapheme escaping Zanzibar to Dar es Salaam to avert beingness slaughtered and is cared for by local children. The Madagascar films feature a hippo named Gloria.[93] : 128–129 They even inspired a pop board game, Hungry Hungry Hippos.[109]

Among the most famous poems nigh the hippo is "The Hippopotamus" by T. Due south. Eliot, where he compares the animal to the Cosmic Church.[93] : 128 Hippos were mentioned in the novelty Christmas song "I Want a Hippopotamus for Christmas" that became a hit for child star Gayla Peevey in 1953. They also feature in the pop "The Hippopotamous Song" by Flanders and Swann.[93] : 136

A popular internet myth reports that hippos have pink milk. Biologist David Wynick states, "I think this is an Internet legend that is oft repeated but without whatever evidence for it that I can find... Like all mammals, hippos produce white or fair milk for their immature."[110]

Run across also

  • Armley Hippo
  • Owen and Mzee - hippo and tortoise who bonded

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External links

  • "Hippos: Wildlife summary". African Wildlife Foundation. Archived from the original on xix November 2010.
  • "Hippo Specialist Group of the Globe Conservation Wedlock". International Union for Conservation of Nature. Archived from the original on 22 November 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2008.
  • "11 Things You May Not Know About Ancient Arab republic of egypt: King Tut may accept been killed past a hippopotamus". History. 12 Nov 2012. Archived from the original on 17 Dec 2014.

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